ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Intestinal obstruction has a high mortality rate when therapeutic treatment is delayed. Resuscitation in intestinal obstruction requires a large volume of fluid, and fluid combinations have been studied. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of hypertonic saline solution (HS) with pentoxifylline (PTX) on apoptosis, oxidative stress and survival rate. METHODS: Wistar rats were subjected to intestinal obstruction and ischemia through a closed loop ligation of the terminal ileum and its vessels. After 24 hours, the necrotic bowel segment was resected, and the animals were randomized into four groups according to the following resuscitation strategies: Ringer's lactate solution (RL) (RL-32 ml/kg); RL+PTX (25 mg/kg); HS+PTX (HS, 7.5%, 4 ml/kg), and no resuscitation (IO-intestinal obstruction and ischemia). Euthanasia was performed 3 hours after resuscitation to obtain kidney and intestine samples. A malondialdehyde (MDA) assay was performed to evaluate oxidative stress, and histochemical analyses (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling [TUNEL], Bcl-2 and Bax) were conducted to evaluate kidney apoptosis. Survival was analyzed with another series of animals that were observed for 15 days. RESULTS: PTX in combination with RL or HS reduced the MDA levels (nmol/mg of protein), as follows: kidney IO=0.42; RL=0.49; RL+PTX=0.31; HS+PTX=0.34 (p<0.05); intestine: IO=0.42; RL=0.48; RL+PTX=0.29; HS+PTX=0.26 (p<0.05). The number of labeled cells for TUNEL and Bax was lower in the HS+PTX group than in the other groups (p<0.05). The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was lower in the HS+PTX group than in the other groups (p<0.05). The survival rate on the 15th day was higher in the HS+PTX group (77%) than in the RL+PTX group (11%). CONCLUSION: PTX in combination with HS enhanced survival and attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, when combined with RL, PTX did not reduce apoptosis or mortality.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Pentoxifylline/pharmacology , Resuscitation/methods , Saline Solution, Hypertonic/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Intestinal Obstruction/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Random Allocation , Reproducibility of Results , Rats, Wistar , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Disease Models, Animal , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Intestinal Obstruction/mortality , Intestinal Obstruction/prevention & control , Intestine, Small/drug effects , Intestine, Small/metabolism , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/metabolism , Malondialdehyde/analysisABSTRACT
O tratamento da lesão renal aguda decorrente do processo inflamatório sistêmico e sepse é um desafio à prática clínica. A reanimação volêmica promove o aumento da sobrevida e menos complicações sistêmicas. Entretanto, persiste a controvérsia sobre qual o melhor fluido para a reposição e outras medicações que possam auxiliar nessa terapêutica. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos do Ringer lactato, da solução salina hipertônica e da pentoxifilina sobre a lesão renal aguda decorrente da obstrução e isquemia intestinal, em um modelo experimental. Métodos: Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, com peso entre 250 e g. Os animais foram submetidos a laparotomia mediana para obstrução em alça fechada do íleo terminal associada a oclusão do pedículo vascular deste segmento. Após 24 horas, os animais foram reoperados e distribuídos em grupos (n = 8), conforme o tratamento: sem reanimação volêmica (Controle); Ringer lactato - 32 mL / kg (RL); solução salina hipertônica 7,5% - 4 mL / kg (SH); pentoxifilina 25 mg / kg (PTX); Ringer lactato e pentoxifilina (RLPTX); solução salina hipertônica e pentoxifilina (SHPTX). Ao término do tratamento, o segmento intestinal obstruído e isquêmico foi ressecado e o trânsito intestinal foi reconstruído por anastomose primária. Após três horas, os animais foram sacrificados. Amostras de tecido renal foram coletadas para análise histológica com hematoxilina-eosina, imuno-histoquímica com Bcl-2, Bax e TUNEL e dosagem de malondialdeído e nitrito. Resultados: Em relação aos achados histológicos, não houve diferença significante entre os grupos. A avaliação imuno-histoquímica demonstrou que o grupo SHPTX apresentou menos eventos de apoptose e produção de óxido nítrico do que os demais grupos (p < 0,01). Já os grupos com reposição volêmica (RL e SH) também apresentaram menos eventos de apoptose (p < 0,05) do que os grupos Controle e PTX. Conclusão: A pentoxifilina associada à solução salina hipertônica 7,5%, em modelo de...
Treatment of acute kidney injury due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis is a challenge in clinical practice. Fluid resuscitation promotes increased survival and lower systemic complications, though some discussions related to best fluid and medications that should be used persist. This study aims to evaluate the effects of Ringer lactate, hypertonic saline solution and pentoxifylline on acute kidney injury due to intestinal obstruction and ischemia in an experimental model. Methods: 48 male Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were used. The animals underwent laparotomy for closed loop obstruction of the terminal ileum associated with occlusion of the vascular pedicle of this segment. After 24 hours, the animals were re-operated and divided in six groups (n = 8), according to treatment: no fluid resuscitation (Control); Ringer lactate - 32 mL / kg (RL); hypertonic saline solution ,5% - 4 mL / kg (SH); pentoxifylline 25 mg / kg (PTX); Ringer lactate and pentoxifylline (RLPTX); hypertonic saline solution and pentoxifylline (SHPTX). After treatment, the obstructed and ischemic intestinal segment was resected and intestinal transit was restablished by primary anastomosis. After three hours, the animals were euthanized. Kidney tissue samples were collected for histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemistry with Bcl-2, Bax and TUNEL and malondialdehyde and nitrite dosage. Results: Regarding histological findings, there was no significant difference between groups. In Immunohistochemical evaluation, the group SHPTX had less apoptosis events and nitric oxide production than the other groups (p < , The groups that received fluid resuscitation (RL and SH) also had fewer apoptotic events (p < than the group Control and the group PTX. Conclusion: Pentoxifylline associated with hypertonic saline 7, , in an experimental rat model of obstruction and intestinal ischemia, attenuates renal injury, especially as...